Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry

APA Resource Document • Preconference Skills Course Resources • Materials
Publications and Articles • Previous ACLP Presentations

American Psychiatric Association Resource Document

In 2019, the American Psychiatric Association Council on Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry convened a Work Group to develop a Resource Document on Proactive Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. A draft of this document was reviewed by the Council in July 2020, and a revised version was approved by this Council in September 2020. The accepted version was subsequently reviewed by the APA Council on Healthcare Systems and Financing in November 2020. The final version was approved by the Joint Reference Committee on November 24, 2020 and received approval for publication by the Board of Trustees on December 12, 2020.

This Resource Document describes the historical context and modern trends that have given rise to the model of proactive C-L psychiatry. Styled as an inpatient corollary to outpatient collaborative care models, proactive C-L provides a framework of mental health care delivery in the general hospital designed to enhance mental health services to a broad range of patients. Its four elements include systematic screening for active mental health concerns, proactive interventions tailored to individual patients, team-based care delivery, and care integration with primary teams and services.

Studies have found that proactive C-L psychiatry is associated with reduced hospital length of stay, enhanced psychiatric service utilization, reduced time to psychiatric consultation, and improved provider and nurse satisfaction. These favorable results encourage further studies that replicate and build upon these findings. Additional outcomes such as patient experience, health outcomes, and readmission rates deserve investigation. Further studies are also needed to examine a broader array of team compositions and the potential value of proactive C-L psychiatry to different hospital settings such as community hospitals, surgery, and critical care.

Preconference Skills Course Resources

Deconstructing Proactive C-L (11/9/22)

Worksheet for preconference skills course at CLP 2022: Questions to consider when exploring the possibility of proactive C-L at your institution.

Launching a Proactive C-L Psychiatry Service (11/13/19)

Resource packet for pre conference skills course at CLP 2019: Includes a sample business plan spreadsheet and blank project charter.

Materials

Executive summaries of several Proactive C-L Psychiatry services

CLP Advocacy Toolkit for Team-Based Proactive C-L Psychiatry

Slides and Executive Summary

Service manuals and workbooks

Job/role descriptions of team members

Nursing and provider surveys

Advertising materials

Electronic health record (EHR) materials

University of Rochester screening note (Epic)
EHR optimization for efficient daily workflow (e.g., creating unit-specific consultation lists, dashboards, and new note types) and machine-learning approaches for early case identification do not lend themselves easily to documents. This topic continues to be explored and can be discussed further in the Listserv for those who are interested.

Incorporating trainees into a Proactive C-L Psychiatry service

Generic project charter template

Charter template

Publications and articles

* Denotes primary data or systematic review of primary data.

News and reviews on Proactive C-L Psychiatry

Desan P, Zimbrean P, Lee H, Sledge W: Proactive psychiatric consultation services for the general hospital of the future. in Integrated Care in Psychiatry: Redefining the Role of Mental Health Professionals in the Medical Setting. Edited by Summergrad P, Kathol R. New York, Springer; 2014.
Sledge WH and Lee HB. Proactive Psychiatric Consultation For Hospitalized Patients, A Plan for the Future. Health Affairs. May 28, 2015.
Lagnado L. Hospitals Test Putting Psychiatrists on Medical Wards. The Wall Street Journal. April 25, 2016.
Desan PH, Lee HB, Zimbrean PC, Sledge WH. New Models of Psychiatric Consultation in the General Medical Hospital: Liaison Psychiatry Is Back. Psychiatr Ann. 2017;47:355-361.
* Oldham MA, Chahal K, Lee HB. A systematic review of proactive psychiatric consultation on hospital length of stay. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;60:120-126.
Oldham MA, Chahal K, Lee HB. Collaborative Care Meets Hospital Medicine. Psychiatric Times. Nov 14, 2019.
Oldham MA and Lee HB. If Only We Could Have Avoided That Crisis. ACLP News. February 2020.
Oldham MA, ‘Only Some Patients in Most Hospital Settings Who Would Likely Benefit from a Psychiatric Consultation Receive It’. ACLP News. January 2021.
Bui, M, and Zamorano, N. Transforming the Landscape. ACLP News. February 2021. (version with references)
Karol D and Triplett P. We Must Find Ways to Return to In-Person Evaluations Safely. ACLP News. March 2021. (version with references)
Oldham MA and Lee HB. Proactive C-L Psychiatry: Re-envisioning Psychiatric Care in Medical Settings. Psychiatric News. 8 Feb 2021.
Oldham MA. The Roles of Psychiatric Consultant and Liaison Realized Through Proactivity and Care Integration. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2021;62(2):167-168.
Asuquo SE, Goodman MB, Gaynes BN, Nakamura ZM. A proactive consultation-liaison psychiatry implementation framework for the management of medical and surgical inpatients with psychiatric comorbidities. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2022;74:149-151.
APA Annual Meeting Highlights. Session presenters Matta S, Baik R, Sharpe M, Brendel R. Proactive C-L Psychiatry Addresses Social Factors Affecting Discharge, Outcomes for Hospitalized Patients With Comorbid Illness. Psychiatric News ALERT. May 21, 2022.

Team-based Proactive C-L Psychiatry

* Sledge WH, Gueorguieva R, Desan P, Bozzo JE, Dorset J, Lee HB. Multidisciplinary Proactive Psychiatric Consultation Service: Impact on Length of Stay for Medical Inpatients. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84:208-216.
* Sledge WH, Bozzo JE, White-McCullum BA, Lee HB.The cost-benefit from the perspective of the hospital of a proactive psychiatric consultation service on inpatient general medicine services. Health Econ Outcome Res Open Access. 2016;2:1-5.
* Triplett P, Carroll CP, Gerstenblith TA, Bienvenu OJ. An evaluation of proactive psychiatric consults on general medical units. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;60:57-64.
* Walker J, Burke K, Toynbee M, van Niekerk M, Frost C, Magill N, Walker S, Sculpher M, White IR, Sharpe M. The HOME Study: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial comparing the addition of proactive psychological medicine to usual care, with usual care alone, on the time spent in hospital by older acute hospital inpatients. Trials. 2019;20.
* Oldham MA, Walsh P, Maeng DD, Zagursky J, Stewart K, Hawkins SM, Lee, HB. Integration of a proactive, multidisciplinary mental health team on hospital medicine improves provider and nursing satisfaction. J Psychosomatic Res. 2020;134:110112.
Sharpe M, Toynbee M, Walker J, The HOME Study Proactive Integrated Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Proactive Integrated Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: A new service model for the psychiatric care of general hospital inpatients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;66:9-15.
* Toynbee M, Walker J, Clay F, Hollands L, van Niekerk M, Harriss E, Sharpe M. The effectiveness of inpatient consultation-liaison psychiatry service models: A systematic review of randomized trials. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021;71:11-19.
* Oldham MA, Lang VJ, Hopkin JL, Maeng DD. Proactive Integration of Mental Health Care in Hospital Medicine: PRIME Medicine. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2021;62(6):606-616.
* Khaustova OO, Markova MV, Driuchenko MO, Burdeinyi AO. Proactive psychological and psychiatric support of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases in a randomised trial: a Ukrainian experience. General Psychiatry. 2022;35:e100881.
* Sharpe M, Toynbee M, van Niekerk M, Solomons L, Owens C, Price A, Yousif M, Palmer A, Clay F, Berk G, Burns J, Hill L, Harris J, Bajorek T, Sirois-Giguere G, Magill N, Aitken P, Dickens C, Walker J. Proactive and integrated consultation-liaison psychiatry for older medical inpatients: A mixed methods description of training, care provided and clinician experience in the HOME study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024 Jan-Feb;86:108-117.
* Oldham MA, Maeng DD, Heaney B, Walsh P, Gleber C, Nasra G, Hopkin JL, Lee HB. Automated Screening to Enhance Proactive Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Services in Acute Medicine Units: Evaluation of Service Outcomes. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2024 Mar 19;26(2):23m03647.
* Bienvenu OJ, Nestadt PS, Witmer A, Prince EJ, Gerstenblith TA, Carroll CP, Triplett PT. Proactive versus traditional psychiatric consults in a large urban academic medical center. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024 Mar-Apr;87:155-156.
* Triplett PT, Prince E, Bienvenu J, Gerstenblith A, Carroll P. An Observational Study of Proactive and On-Request Psychiatry Consultation Services: Evidence for Differing Roles and Outcomes. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2024 Mar 18:S2667-2960(24)00038-7.
* Sharpe M, Toynbee M, van Niekerk M, Bold R, Walker J. Patient and Medical Unit Staff Experiences of Proactive and Integrated Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in The HOME Study: A Qualitative Investigation. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2024 July-Aug;65(4):327-337.
* Sharpe M, Walker J, van Niekerk M, Toynbee M, Magill N, Frost C, White IR, Walker S, Duarte A, Owens C, Dickens C, Price A, The HOME Study Team. Proactive integrated consultation-liaison psychiatry and time spent in hospital by older medical inpatients in England (The HOME Study): a multicentre, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2024 Sept;11(9):684-695.

Embedded psychiatrist Proactive C-L Psychiatry

* Desan PH, Zimbrean PC, Weinstein AJ, Bozzo JE, Sledge WH. Proactive psychiatric consultation services reduce length of stay for admissions to an inpatient medical team. Psychosomatics. 2011;52:513-520.
* Muskin PR, Skomorowsky A, Shah RN. Co-managed Care for Medical Inpatients, C-L vs C/L Psychiatry. Psychosomatics. 2016;57(3):258-263. (note, this model differs from others presented here by employing co-management)
* Bui M, Thom RP, Hurwitz S, Levy-Carrick NC, O’Reilly M, Wilensky D, Talmasov D, Blanchfield B, Vaidya V, Kakoza R, Klompas M, Stanley E, Gitlin D, Massaro A. Hospital Length of Stay With a Proactive Psychiatric Consultation Model in the Medical Intensive Care Unit: A Prospective Cohort Analysis. Psychosomatics. 2018;60(3):263-270.
* Bronson BD, Alam A, Schwartz JE. The Impact of Integrated Psychiatric Care on Hospital Medicine Length of Stay: A Pre-Post Intervention Design With a Simultaneous Usual Care Comparison. Psychosomatics. 2019;60(6):582-590.
* Kugler J, Key G, Oldham M. Proactive C-L psychiatry beyond academic hospital settings: A pilot study of effectiveness in a suburban community hospital. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(6):688-697.
* Bronson BD, Alam A, Calabrese T, Knapp F, Schwartz JE. An Economic Evaluation of Proactive Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Pilot as Compared to Usual Psychiatric Consultation on Demand for Hospital Medicine. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2022;63(4):363-371.
* Schindler E, Winner K, Nahhas RW, Maione G, Jamison A, Blankenship K. Proactive Psychiatry: Innovating the Delivery of Consultation-Liaison Services in a Pediatric Hospital. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2024 July. In press.

Computer algorithms for screening

Finn CT, Thakur D, Shea KM, Riblet NBV, Lee HB, Heng G, Scott R, Gardner TS, Randlett S, LaRock T, Siriwardana N, Green G, Torrey WC. Electronic Medical Record Reporting Enhances Proactive Psychiatric Consultation. Psychosomatics. 2018;59(6):561-566.
* Oldham MA, Heaney B, Gleber C, Lee HB, Maeng DD. Using Discrete Form Data in the Electronic Medical Record to Predict Likelihood of Psychiatric Consultation. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2024 Jan-Feb;65(1):25-32.